X-ray source uses interchangeable target anodes to vary X-ray wavelength

Compact laboratory X ray tube generates X rays of various wavelengths by using interchangeable target anodes. The wavelength of the X rays depends on the metal from which the anode is made

Cruel Britannia: a personal critique of nursing in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom (UK) once led the world in nursing but because of the exigencies of the funding mechanisms of the National Health Service (NHS), it has fallen a long way behind other countries. We aim to raise awareness inside and outside the UK about the decline in nursing as a profession there. We are purposely contentious, in an attempt to raise questions, both for the UK and for countries which are recruiting British nurses who are leaving because of job losses caused by the funding crisis in the NHS. This paper discusses where the problems that have led to the decline have come from, where nursing is going and poses questions for the future. We hope that the UK government and those who influence the development of nursing will bring it back to the standard it once bad

Use of biological reference points for the conservation of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)in the River Lune, North West England.

This paper deals with the development and use of biological reference points for salmon conservation on the River Lune, England. The Lune supports recreational and net fisheries with annual catches in the region of 1,000 and 1356 salmon respectively. Using models transported from other river systems, biological reference points exclusive to the Lune were developed; specifically the number of eggs deposited and carrying capacity estimates for age 0+ and 1+ parr. The conservation limit was estimated at 11.9 million eggs and between 1989 and 1998 was exceeded in two years. Comparison of juvenile salmon densities in 1991 and 1997 with estimates of carrying capacity indicated that 0+ and 1+ parr densities were at around 60 % of carrying capacity and may relate to the number of eggs deposited in 1990 and 1996 being approximately 70% of the target value. The paper discusses the management actions taken in order to ensure that the management target of the conservation limit being met four years out of five is delivered. It also discusses the balance between conservation and exploitation and the socio-economic decisions made in order to ensure parity of impacts on the rod and net fisheries. The regulations have been enforced since 1999 and the paper concludes with an assessment of the actions taken to deliver the management targets, over the last five years

A ruggedized thin-window proportional-counter tube

Design and testing of ruggedized, thin window proportional counter tube for detecting X rays in light element

BIOECONOMIC MODELLING OF ENDANGERED SPECIES CONSERVATION

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

USING LAND AS A CONTROL VARIABLE IN DENSITY-DEPENDENT BIOECONOMIC MODELS

The bioeconomic analysis of endangered species without consumptive values can be problematic when analysed with density-dependent models that assume a fixed environment size. Most bioeconomic models use harvest as a control variable, yet when modelling non-harvestable species, frequently the only variable under control of conservationists is the quantity of habitat to be made available. The authors explore the implications of this in a model developed to analyse the potential population recovery of New Zealand's yellow-eyed penguin. The penguin faces severe competition with man for the terrestrial resources required for breeding and has declined in population to perilously low levels. The model was developed to estimate the land use required for recovery and preservation of the species and to compare the results to current tourism-driven conservation efforts. It is demonstrated that land may serve as a useful control variable in bioeconomic models and that such a model may be useful for determining whether sufficient incentives exist to preserve a species. However, the model may generate less useful results for providing a specific estimate of the optimal allocation of land to such a species.Land Economics/Use,

LIVINGSTON COUNTY EMERGENCY SERVICES ANALYSIS

Rapid population growth challenges the ability of local government to keep pace with increasing and changing demand for public services. These challenges may be physical or organizational in nature. Physical challenges arise from the need to upgrade public infrastructure such as water and sewer service, roads, schools, and emergency services. Although installation of new infrastructure is always expensive, growth-related increases in the tax base provide new revenue for installation of new services. However, when slowing growth rates, againg infrastructure, and addition of expensive new services pressure local government to increase revenue from existing resources decision-makers may then seek to reduce per-capita costs by reorganizing the method or structure of providing community services.Public Economics,

The carbon abundance in two h 2 regions of the small Megallanic Cloud

Observations of the ultraviolet spectra of two locations in the H II region NGC 346 and of the entire H II region IC 1644 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) were made using the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite. The abundance of carbon in the nebulae was derived using theoretical model analysis combined with ground-based spectrophotometry of other emission lines. The abundance of C relative to H in the SMC was found to be lower by -0.9 dex compared with the Sun and lower by -0.8 dex compared with the Orion Nebula. This C deficiency is similar to that of O, Ne, S, and Ar in the SMC, but not as great as found for N. The sites and history of C nucleosynthesis in galaxies is similar to that of O, Ne, S, and Ar, in contrast to that of N, which appears to be more complex, perhaps because of a mixture of secondary primary sources or a significant contribution from intermediate-mass long-lived stars